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Towards resolving the metamorphic enigma of the Indian Plate in the NW Himalaya of Pakistan

View ORCID ProfilePeter J. Treloar, Richard M. Palin and View ORCID ProfileMichael P. Searle
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 483, 255-279, 21 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP483-2019-22
Peter J. Treloar
1School of The Natural and Built Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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Richard M. Palin
2Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Michael P. Searle
3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Abstract

The Pakistan part of the Himalaya has major differences in tectonic evolution compared with the main Himalayan range to the east of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. There is no equivalent of the Tethyan Himalaya sedimentary sequence south of the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone, no equivalent of the Main Central Thrust, and no Miocene metamorphism and leucogranite emplacement. The Kohistan Arc was thrust southward onto the leading edge of continental India. All rocks exposed to the south of the arc in the footwall of the Main Mantle Thrust preserve metamorphic histories. However, these do not all record Cenozoic metamorphism. Basement rocks record Paleo-Proterozoic metamorphism with no Cenozoic heating; Neo-Proterozoic through Cambrian sediments record Ordovician ages for peak kyanite and sillimanite grade metamorphism, although Ar–Ar data indicate a Cenozoic thermal imprint which did not reset the peak metamorphic assemblages. The only rocks that clearly record Cenozoic metamorphism are Upper Paleozoic through Mesozoic cover sediments. Thermobarometric data suggest burial of these rocks along a clockwise pressure–temperature path to pressure–temperature conditions of c. 10–11 kbar and c. 700°C. Resolving this enigma is challenging but implies downward heating into the Indian plate, coupled with later development of unconformity parallel shear zones that detach Upper Paleozoic–Cenozoic cover rocks from Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic basement rocks and also detach those rocks from the Paleoproterozoic basement.

  • © 2019 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved
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Geological Society, London, Special Publications: 483 (1)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Volume 483
2019
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Towards resolving the metamorphic enigma of the Indian Plate in the NW Himalaya of Pakistan

Peter J. Treloar, Richard M. Palin and Michael P. Searle
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 483, 255-279, 21 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP483-2019-22
Peter J. Treloar
1School of The Natural and Built Environment, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Peter J. Treloar
  • For correspondence: p.j.treloar@kingston.ac.uk
Richard M. Palin
2Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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  • Search for this author on this site
Michael P. Searle
3Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Michael P. Searle

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Towards resolving the metamorphic enigma of the Indian Plate in the NW Himalaya of Pakistan

Peter J. Treloar, Richard M. Palin and Michael P. Searle
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 483, 255-279, 21 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP483-2019-22
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • The architecture of the NW Himalaya in northern Pakistan
    • Stratigraphy of Indian plate rocks in northern Pakistan
    • Structural framework of the Indian plate of northern Pakistan
    • Metamorphism of Indian plate rocks in northern Pakistan
    • Metamorphism of the Alpurai schists
    • Thermobarometry and petrological modelling
    • Results
    • Towards a new model for the leading edge of the Indian plate in northern Pakistan
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgements
    • Funding
    • References
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