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A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica

Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Robert G. Bingham and Andrew S. Hein
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461, 231-248, 29 May 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7
Maximillian van Wyk de Vries
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
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  • For correspondence: gmaxvwdv@gmail.com
Robert G. Bingham
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
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Andrew S. Hein
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Fig. 1.
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    Fig. 1.

    (a) Location of the main components of the West Antarctic Rift System and confirmed volcanoes (red circles: after LeMasurier et al. 1990; Smellie & Edwards 2016). (b) Location of Holocene volcanoes (red circles) in the Ethiopia/Kenya branch of the East African Rift (red shaded area). The majority of this activity is aligned along the rift axis with occasional flank volcanism. Data from Siebert & Simkin (2002) and Global Volcanism Program (2013).

  • Fig. 2.
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    Fig. 2.

    Location map of conical edifices (circles) identified from Bedmap2 (greyscale background) across the West Antarctic Rift System. The data are tabulated in Table 2. The circle colour represents the confidence factor used to assess the likelihood of cones being subglacial volcanoes, and the circle size is proportional to the cone's basal diameter. Circles with black rims represent volcanoes that have been confirmed in other studies (LeMasurier et al. 1990; Smellie & Edwards 2016), generally those that have tips which protrude above the ice surface.

  • Fig. 3.
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    Fig. 3.

    The upper panel shows an echogram from NASA's Icebridge mission (NSIDC 2014) that shows generally good agreement between a cone on the echogram and on the Bedmap2 data. The lower panel shows an echogram from Corr & Vaughan (2008) with basal topography picking out two cones; the dark layer above the bed is tephra believed to have erupted around 2000 years ago.

  • Fig. 4.
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    Fig. 4.

    Cross-sections of three cones from this study (numbers 21, 60 and 91: see Fig. 2 and Table 2 for more details and locations) and three prominent shield volcanoes, namely Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Erta Ale and Marsabit (East African Rift).

  • Fig. 5.
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    Fig. 5.

    Volume/height chart of the cones from this study (crosses) superimposed over data from volcanoes worldwide (Grosse et al. 2014). The cones closely fit the morphology data for shield volcanoes, as would be expected for basalt-dominated rift volcanism.

Tables

  • Figures
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    Table 1.

    Classification scheme used in assessing confidence that a cone extracted from Bedmap2 (Fretwell et al. 2013) can be interpreted as a volcano

    Confidence assessment criterionDataset/sourceConfidence score
    00.51
    (1) Distance to nearest raw ice-thickness measurementFigure 3 in Fretwell et al. (2013)>15 km5–15 km<5 km
    (2) Expression in ice-surface DEM overlying identified subglacial coneBedmap2 ice-surface DEM: Fretwell et al. (2013)No expressionAssociated but off-centre anomalyDirect overlying anomaly
    (3) Expression in MODIS imagery of the ice surface overlying the identified subglacial coneMODIS Mosaic of Antarctica: Scambos et al. (2007)No expressionWeak expressionClear expression
    (4) Magnetic anomaly dataADMAP: Kim et al. (2007)No anomalyWeak anomalyClear anomaly
    (5) Gravity anomaly dataStudinger et al. (2002); Damiani et al. (2014); Scheinert et al. (2016)No anomalyWeak anomalyClear anomaly
    • Full scores are given in Table 2.

    • View popup
    Table 2.

    Tabulation of subglacial cone coordinates, dimensions and volcanic-interpretation confidence factors (see Table 1)

    NumberHeight (m)Average diameter (km)Elongation ratioVolume (km3)LatitudeLongitudeVolcano confidence factorPreviously identified
    12345Sum
    1800261.08106−74.00−80.380.5110.50.53.5Yes
    2600141.1523−75.60−81.6011010.53.5No
    33007.51.143−76.13−83.5310.5010.53No
    430018.51.1820−76.80−85.2710010.52.5No
    565024.51.0477−74.47−86.400.50.50.50.50.52.5No
    635017.51.1921−76.74−87.50100.510.53No
    7250171.2714−76.97−87.8910010.52.5No
    8950291.07157−77.37−88.101010.50.53No
    930019.51.0522−77.40−89.3810.510.50.53.5No
    1035015.51.0717−77.32−90.3410.510.50.53.5No
    1160032.51.17124−74.27−89.580.50.500.50.52No
    12550361.06140−74.07−91.180.5010.50.52.5No
    1345027.51.2067−72.90−91.30010.50.50.52.5No
    1450022.51.2550−74.05−92.90110.510.54No
    15140022.51.25139−73.73−93.680.51110.54Yes
    16145019.51.29108−70.03−125.9711110.54.5Yes
    171300271.25186−73.89−94.640.51110.54Yes
    18400201.1131−78.03−92.951100.50.53No
    1932518.51.1822−78.21−93.201100.50.53No
    202009.51.114−78.20−93.8210.500.50.52.5No
    2160020.51.1649−78.15−94.621100.50.53No
    2237518.51.0625−78.68−95.65100.50.50.52.5No
    23250191.1118−78.52−96.1610.5110.54No
    2470026.51.3096−78.13−96.3610.500.50.52.5No
    2545022.51.2545−78.00−97.161100.50.53No
    2625013.51.259−78.67−97.68110114No
    2750024.51.1359−74.97−96.540.51110.54No
    2840016.51.3621−74.86−97.4211010.53.5No
    29550161.1328−75.07−99.5411110.54.5Yes
    3082020.51.1668−74.73−99.0411110.54.5Yes
    31650291.15107−75.07−99.540.51110.54Yes
    32750311.07141−74.03−98.830.50010.52No
    33950261.17126−74.21−100.191110.50.54No
    34900301.14159−74.51−99.941010.50.53Yes
    3530015.51.2114−74.72−100.091010.50.53No
    3632511.51.308−75.24−96.951110.50.54No
    37500341.13113−72.19−97.7001110.53.5Yes
    38102540.51.19330−72.54−97.61000.510.52Yes
    3940020.51.1633−72.51−98.3801110.53.5Yes
    40525281.1581−72.42−99.230.51110.54Yes
    4132520.51.1627−72.47−99.9401110.53.5Yes
    4255033.51.16121−72.32−101.070.5110.50.53.5Yes
    4322511.51.306−73.87−103.3000.5110.53No
    4467526.51.1293−75.45−103.291110.514.5No
    453509.51.386−78.41−101.961000.50.52No
    46575231.1960−79.65−101.8010.5010.53No
    47275121.188−80.03−101.6010.500.502No
    48250131.178−80.15−101.4610.500.502No
    4917521.51.1516−80.17−103.390.50.50.50.52No
    50325221.2031−78.87−102.9110.50.50.502.5No
    51225271.1632−80.40−105.610.51010.53No
    521175231.19122−78.74−104.241110.514.5No
    53125151.146−77.61−103.5610.50.50.513.5No
    5422511.51.306−82.05−111.4210.5110.54No
    55175231.1918−77.43−105.7711110.54.5No
    5615091.252−77.70−74.5510.500.502No
    5727513.51.2510−78.46−107.7710.510.503No
    58175111.444−76.72−106.6111110.54.5No
    5915012.51.275−76.87−106.38111115No
    60120033.51.16264−79.15−111.05101114No
    6145014.51.2319−79.60−111.4510010.52.5No
    6220061.401−80.42−114.0010.50102.5No
    63425101.228−75.22−106.9200.50.50.50.52No
    64450181.1229−75.71−108.401010.513.5No
    6537514.51.2315−76.11−107.681010.513.5No
    66400171.2723−76.38−109.7810.51114.5No
    6732510.51.337−74.60−110.620.5110.50.53.5No
    68400191.2428−74.81−110.571110.50.54No
    69350141.3313−75.00−110.430.5110.50.53.5No
    70750301.14132−74.89−111.261110.50.54No
    71230051.51.151197−75.60−110.701110.514.5Yes
    72320058.51.132149−76.52−112.02111115Yes
    7325015.51.0712−77.21−111.92100.50.513No
    741025361.00261−77.72−112.6410.5110.54No
    75300161.1315−77.67−114.0410.510.514No
    76625261.1783−77.80−115.001110.514.5No
    77650121.1818−78.08−115.37100.50.502No
    7840010.51.339−78.11−115.93110.50.503No
    7935013.51.2513−78.93−115.69100.5113.5No
    8032520.51.2827−79.68−113.53110114No
    8120061.401−80.38−115.1110.50113.5No
    821254.51.250−80.38−115.1110.50113.5No
    83150101.223−80.34−116.40110114No
    84175031.51.10341−80.30−117.49111115No
    85800201.2263−80.37−118.9010.51114.5No
    8675018.51.3150−80.73−117.56111115No
    8715010.51.333−80.81−118.65110114No
    88225131.367−80.87−120.70100113No
    8910091.252−80.27−117.62110002No
    9015010.51.333−80.41−118.6511110.54.5No
    9155029.51.1994−80.62−120.1210.51114.5No
    9225012.51.278−79.96−120.2011110.54.5No
    93150101.223−79.24−119.18110103No
    9410081.001−79.37−119.00110002No
    951257.51.141−79.78−115.181000.50.52No
    961008.51.131−78.46−120.28100.5113.5No
    97100028.51.19159−77.54−118.280.510.50.50.53No
    98260049.51.111250−76.96−117.781110.514.5Yes
    993850581.112542−76.07−115.940.511114.5No
    100135027.51.29200−76.73−125.7611110.54.5Yes
    1011100211.2195−76.93−125.7311110.54.5Yes
    1021050201.1182−77.11−125.890.5110.50.53.5Yes
    1032400391.17716−77.32−125.971110.50.54Yes
    1041100221.20104−77.46−126.850.5110.50.53.5Yes
    105550291.1591−79.24−128.120.5010.50.52.5No
    106600171.2734−81.34−125.3510.50113.5No
    10715011.51.304−82.36−127.50111115No
    10860025.51.1377−83.98−133.021010.50.53No
    109500391.11149−84.31−131.8710.510.50.53.5No
    11012511.51.303−81.82−128.4510.51114.5No
    11110081.291−81.20−129.58110002No
    112550421.15190−81.62−130.38101114No
    11327528.51.1944−81.87−130.76100113No
    114350291.0758−82.41−134.851110.50.54No
    11515010.51.333−81.10−132.5210.51114.5No
    11640031.51.2578−81.36−133.6011100.53.5No
    11710061.401−81.64−134.55100012No
    11825015.51.0712−81.55−135.4810110.53.5No
    11955021.51.1550−80.35−131.14111014No
    12025011.51.306−80.50−134.03101114No
    121950361.12242−80.23−134.2910.51103.5No
    12225030.51.0346−79.57−132.881000.50.52No
    12332523.51.2435−80.40−136.320.501113.5No
    124400291.0066−80.08−138.890.50.5010.52.5No
    12527532.51.1057−79.39−137.820.50.5110.53.5No
    12612517.51.198−79.67−138.150.5010.50.52.5No
    127250191.1118−79.76−139.691000.50.52No
    128400241.1845−78.70−137.180.5100.50.52.5No
    12930010.51.336−78.61−137.870.5010.50.52.5No
    13060025.51.1377−78.39−139.2510.5110.54No
    13142539.51.08130−79.00−142.1010.500.50.52.5No
    132700311.00132−78.15−140.9110.510.50.53.5No
    133675221.0064−77.91−140.891110.50.54No
    134260052.51.061406−73.71−126.5401110.53.5Yes
    135400281.1562−74.69−127.780.5110.50.53.5No
    1362004.51.251−75.98−128.2101110.53.5Yes
    137170047.51.16753−76.11−128.6401110.53.5No
    138325161.1316−75.80−128.5701110.53.5No
    139150019.51.17112−75.98−129.1101110.53.5Yes
    1404505.51.203−75.90−129.2901110.53.5No
    1411800361.06458−75.98−132.310.5110.50.53.5Yes
    142900211.0078−76.24−132.630.5110.50.53.5Yes
    14340051.002−76.22−133.140110.50.53No
    144600131.1720−76.27−135.110110.50.53Yes
    14595018.51.1864−76.27−136.120110.50.53Yes
    1468009.51.1114−75.88−137.950110.50.53No
    14727519.51.1721−75.62−138.080110.50.53No
    1486008.51.139−78.09−153.8711110.54.5No
    14945021.51.1541−78.13−155.2611110.54.5No
    150775231.1980−77.88−153.6011110.54.5No
    15127516.51.0615−77.89−154.8111110.54.5No
    15210071.331−78.19−157.000110.50.53No
    153125181.258−82.11−154.710010.50.52No
    15410016.51.065−81.96−157.640010.50.52No
    155150241.1817−81.53−163.391110.50.54No
    156225151.0010−78.00−165.5200.50.510.52.5No
    157100121.183−77.18−164.7700.50.510.52.5No
    1581400341.13318−85.96−163.980.5110.50.53.5Yes
    15940010.51.339−78.39167.560.51110.54Yes
    16032516.51.2017−78.50166.0401110.53.5Yes
    1611600291.07264−78.61165.0801110.53.5Yes
    162205039.51.14628−78.73163.6701110.53.5Yes
    1632250331.13481−77.78168.6701110.53.5Yes
    164180029.51.19307−77.70166.8301110.53.5Yes
    1651250211.10108−77.49166.7801110.53.5Yes
    16642522.51.1442−77.23167.6801110.53.5Yes
    16735020.51.1629−77.18166.940110.50.53Yes
    16875016.51.2040−74.58164.2211110.54.5Yes
    16960026.51.2183−73.80169.690.51110.54Yes
    17095033.51.09209−73.42164.7001110.53.5Yes
    171155034.51.16362−72.78169.890110.50.53Yes
    17275017.51.1945−71.93170.4101110.53.5Yes
    17350025.51.1364−76.45−165.1600.50.50.50.52No
    17445034.51.09105−76.37−166.1600.50.50.50.52No
    17545013.51.2516−76.12−72.410.51110.54Yes
    1764009.51.387−73.68−78.910110.50.53No
    177550201.2243−73.70−79.430.51110.54Yes
    178300171.2717−74.67−78.720.51110.54Yes
    Average62121.31.18121−77.56−120.280.690.690.710.740.573.40
    • The final column identifies whether the cone was a previously recognized volcano (Yes) or a new discovery (No). Most of the previously identified volcanoes are catalogued in LeMasurier et al. (1990).

    • View popup
    Table 3.

    Statistical comparison of the morphologies of the cones identified in this study identified as volcanoes

    Height (m)Average diameter (km)Axis ratioVolume (km3)Confidence factor
    (a)(b)(a)(b)(a)(b)(a)(b)(a)
    Average70194021.917.11.192.111441503.75
    Standard Deviation64167010.711.60.090.813453710.56
    Median47581020.515.31.171.9842313.5
    Minimum1001004.52.31.001.130.50.23
    Maximum3850303058.563.31.445.23254230865
    • Comparison with: (a) those from a global database of shield volcanoes; and (b) Grosse et al. (2014). The two are similar, apart from the long-short axis ratio; our cones are, on average, more circular than shield volcanoes elsewhere. This could be linked to specific glaciovolcanic eruption mechanisms, but is most likely a data bias due to our detection methods excluding more elliptical edifices.

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Geological Society, London, Special Publications: 461 (1)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Volume 461
2018
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A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica

Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Robert G. Bingham and Andrew S. Hein
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461, 231-248, 29 May 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7
Maximillian van Wyk de Vries
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
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  • For correspondence: gmaxvwdv@gmail.com
Robert G. Bingham
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
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Andrew S. Hein
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
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A new volcanic province: an inventory of subglacial volcanoes in West Antarctica

Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Robert G. Bingham and Andrew S. Hein
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461, 231-248, 29 May 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.7
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