|
Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W. Asaro, F. & Michel, H. V. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095–1108.
Arno, S. F. & Hammerly, R. P. 1984. Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. The Mountaineers, Seattle, Washington. 304 pp.
Aubry, M. P., Berggren, W. A. Van Couvering, J. A. & Steininger, F. 1999. Problems in chronostratigraphy: stages, series, unit and boundary stratotypes, global stratotype section and point and tarnished golden spikes. Earth-Science Reviews, 46(1–2), 99–148.
Beaudoin, A. B. 1986. Using Picea/Pinus ratios from the Wilcox Pass core, Jasper National Park, Alberta, to investigate Holocene timberline fluctuations. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 40, 145–152.[GeoRef]
Beaudoin, A. B. & Reasoner, M. A. 1992. Evaluation of differential pollen deposition and pollen focussing at three Holocene intervals in Lake O’Hara, Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada: intra-lake variability in pollen percentages, concentration and influx. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 75, 103–131.[CrossRef][ISI][GeoRef]
Belnap, J., Hawkes, C. V. & Firestone, M. K. 2003. Boundaries in miniature: two examples from soil. BioScience, 55, 739–749.[CrossRef]
Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V. Swisher, C. C. III & Aubry, M.-P. 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V. & Hardenbol, J. (eds) Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publications, 54, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 129–212.
Berggren, W. A., Lucas, S. & Aubry, M.-P. 1998. Late Paleocene-Early Eocene climatic and biotic evolution: an overview. In: Aubry, M.-P., Lucas, S. & Berggren, W. A. (eds) Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records. Columbia University Press, New York, 1–17.
Birks, H. J. B. & Gordon, A. D. 1985. Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis. Academic Press, New York. 317 pp.
Brinkhuis, H. & Leereveld, H. 1988. Dinoflagellate cysts from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sequence of El Kef, northwest Tunisia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 56, 5–19.[CrossRef][ISI][GeoRef]
Brinkhuis, H. & Schiøler, P. 1996. Palynology of the Geulhemmerberg Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section (Limburg, SE Netherlands). Geologie en Mijnbouw, 75, 193–213.[GeoRef]
Brinkhuis, H. & Visscher, H. 1995. The upper boundary of the Eocene Series: a reappraisal based on dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. In: Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V. & Hardenbol, J. (eds) Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publications, 54, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 295–304.
Brinkhuis, H., Bujak, J. P. Smit, J. Versteegh, G. J. M. & Visscher, H. 1998. Dinoflagellate-based sea surface temperature reconstructions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 141, 67–84.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Cadenesso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A. Weathers, K. C. Bell, S. S. Benning, T. L. Carreiro, M. M. & Dawson, T. E. 2003a. An interdisciplinary and synthetic approach to ecological boundaries. BioScience, 53, 717–722.[CrossRef][ISI]
Cadenesso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A. Weathers, K. C. & Jones, C. G. 2003b. A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. BioScience, 53, 750–758.[CrossRef][ISI]
Cooper, R. A., Nowlan, G. S. & Williams, S. H. 2001. Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Ordovician system. Episodes, 24(1), 19–28.[ISI][GeoRef]
Fleming, R. F. & Nichols, D. J. 1990. Fern-spore abundance anomaly at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary: a regional bioevent in western North America. In: Kauffman, E. G. & Walliser, O. H. (eds) Extinction Events in Earth History. Springer Verlag, Berlin and New York, 347–349.
French, H. M. 1993. Cold-climate processes and landforms. In: French, H. M. & Slaymaker, O. (eds) Canada’s Cold Environments. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal and Kingston, Canada, 143–167.
Frenzel, B., Birks, H. H., Alm, T. & Vorren, K. D. (eds) 1996. Holocene Treeline Oscillations, Dendrochronology and Palaeoclimate, Paläoklimaforschung Band 20/Palaeoclimate Research Volume, 20, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 303 pp Special Issue: ESF Project ‘European Palaeoclimate and Man’ 13.
Gosz, J. R. 1991. Fundamental ecological characteristics of landscape boundaries. In: Holland, M. M., Risser, P. G. & Naiman, R. J. (eds) Ecotones: the Role of Landscape Boundaries in the Management and Restoration of Changing Environments. Chapman and Hall, New York, 8–30.
Gradstein, F. M., Finney, S. C. & Ogg, J. G. ICS on Stage, 15 pp. undated. PDF manuscript, World Wide Web Address: www.stratigraphy.org/stage.pdf. [13 March 2004].
Gradstein, F. M. & Ogg, J. G. 2003. International Union of Geological Sciences International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) Consolidated Annual Report for 2003, 130 pp. PDF manuscript, World Wide Web Address: www.stratigraphy.org. [7 February 2004].
Grimm, E. C. 1987. CONISS: a Fortran 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers & Geosciences, 13, 13–35.[CrossRef][ISI]
Hallam, A. & Wignall, P. B. 1999. Mass extinctions and sea-level changes. Earth-Science Reviews, 48, 217–250.
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. & Vail, P. R. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235, 1156–1166.
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. & Vail, P. R. 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change. In: Wilgus, C. K., Hastings, B. S., Kendall, C. G.St. C., Posamentier, H. W., Ross, C. A. & Van Wagoner, J. C. (eds) Sea-Level Changes: an Integrated Approach, SEPM Special Publication, 42, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 71–108, plus one separate chart.
Hardenbol, J., Thierry, J. Farley, M. B. Jacquin, T. de Graciansky, P.-C. & Vail, P. R. 1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of European basins. In: de Graciansky, P. C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T. & Vail, P. R. (eds) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication, 60, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 3–29, plus 8 separate charts.
Harland, W. B., Armstrong, R. L. Cox, A. V. Craig, L. E. Smith, A. G. & Smith, D. G. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 262 pp.
Harries, P. J. & Little, C. R. S. 1999. The early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) and the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinctions: similarities and contrasts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 154, 39–66.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Hedberg, H. D. (ed.) 1976. International Stratigraphic Guide: a Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Procedure by International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification of IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy. Wiley, New York. 200 pp.
Hedberg, H. D. 1979. Ocean floor boundaries. Science, 204, 135–144.
Hildebrand, A. R. 1993. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact (or the dinosaurs didn’t have a chance). Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 87, 77–118.[ISI]
Holland, S. M. 2003. Confidence limits on fossil ranges that account for facies changes. Paleobiology, 29, 468–479.
ICS (International Commission on Stratigraphy), 2004. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). World Wide Web Address: www.stratigraphy.org. [7 February 2004].
Jablonski, D. 1991. Extinctions: a paleontological perspective. Science, 253, 754–757.
Kantrud, H. A., Millar, J. B. & Van der Valk, A. G. 1989. Vegetation of wetlands of the prairie pothole region. In: Van Der Valk, A. (ed.) Northern Prairie Wetlands. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 132–187.
Kennett, J. P. & Stott, L. D. 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature, 353, 225–229.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Kovach, W. L. 1989. Comparisons of multivariate analytical techniques for use in pre-Quaternary plant palaeoecology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 60, 255–282.[CrossRef][ISI][GeoRef]
MacDonald, G. M. & Cwynar, L. C. 1985. A fossil pollen based reconstruction of the late Quaternary history of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia) in the western interior of Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15, 1039–1044.[CrossRef]
Nichols, D. 1996. Vegetational history in Western Interior North America during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. In: Jansonius, J. & McGregor, D. C. (eds) Palynology: Principles and Applications, 3, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas, Texas, 1189–1195.
Norris, R. D. & Röhl, U. 1999. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Palaeocene/Eocene transition. Nature, 401, 775–778.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 1983. North American Stratigraphic Code. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 67, 841–875.[Abstract][GeoRef]
Oke, T. R. 1993. Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edition. Routledge, London. 436 pp.
Oke, T. R. 1997. Surface climate processes. In: Bailey, W. G., Oke, T. R. & Rouse, W. R. (eds) The Surface Climates of Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal and Kingston, Canada, 21–43.
Pellatt, M. G., Smith, M. J. Mathewes, R. W. Walker, I. R. & Palmer, S. L. 2000. Holocene treeline and climate change in the subalpine zone near Stoyoma Mountain, Cascade Mountains, southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 32, 73–83.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Peters, S. E. & Foote, M. 2002. Determinants of extinction in the fossil record. Nature, 416, 420–424.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Rawson, P. F., Allen, P. M. et al. 2002. Stratigraphical Procedure, Professional Handbook. Geological Society of London, 57 pp.
Remane, J. 2003. Chronostratigraphic correlations: their importance for definition of geochronologic units. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196, 7–18.[CrossRef][GeoRef]
Salvador, A. (ed.) 1994. International Stratigraphic Guide, Second Edition. A Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Procedure, International Union of Geological Sciences and the Geological Society of America, 214 pp.
Shay, J. M. & Shay, C. T. 1986. Prairie marshes in western Canada, with specific reference to the ecology of 5 emergent macrophytes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 443–454.
Sheehan, P. M. 2001. The Late Ordovician mass extinction. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29, 331–364.[CrossRef][ISI]
Strayer, D. L., Power, M. E. Fagan, W. F. Pickett, S. T. A. & Belnap, J. 2003. A classification of ecological boundaries. BioScience, 53, 723–729.[CrossRef][ISI]
Sweet, A. R. 2001. Plants, a yardstick for measuring the environmental consequences of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event. Geoscience Canada, 28(3), 127–138.[ISI][GeoRef]
Thornes, J. 1979. Fluvial processes. In: Embleton, C. & Thornes, J. (eds) Process in Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London, 213–271.
Timoney, K. P., La Roi, G. H. Zoltai, S. C. & Robinson, A. L. 1992. The high subarctic foresttundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate. Arctic, 45, 1–9.[ISI]
Tschudy, R. H., Pillmore, C. L. Orth, C. J. Gilmore, J. S. & Knight, J. D. 1984. Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Western Interior. Science, 225, 1030–1032.
Walker, I. J. & Nickling, W. G. 2002. Dynamics of secondary airflow and sediment transport over and in the lee of transverse dunes. Progress in Physical Geography, 26, 47–75.
Walsh, S. L. 2004. Solutions in chronostratigraphy: the Paleocene/Eocene boundary debate, and Aubry vs. Hedberg on chronostratigraphic principles. Earth-Science Reviews, 64(1–2), 119–155.
Wardle, P. 1974. Alpine timberlines. In: Ives, J. D. & Barry, R. G. (eds) Arctic and Alpine Environments. Methuen, London, 371–402.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M. Sloan, L. C. Thomas, E. & Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686–693.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
