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1 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PK, UK
Seismic profiles and field data show that the Inner Moray Firth (IMF) experienced significant structural modification during Early Tertiary times with the development of inversion, strike-slip and extensional oblique-slip geometries as well as uplift and erosion at a mid-late Danian unconformity. Seismic reflection profiles across the IMF also show progressively older stratigraphic subcrop towards the west. Analysis of sonic velocities and vitrinite reflectance demonstrate that up to 1.5 km of basin fill has been removed from the IMF. The height of the sequences above maximum burial depth (apparent erosion) is at a maximum in the northwestern part of the basin, where inversion geometries are found, and decreases to zero in the Outer Moray Firth. However, if post-erosional burial is taken into account, the actual amount of erosion during Early Tertiary exhumation (total erosion) is shown to be more evenly distributed, and of greater magnitude throughout the IMF. Incorporation of the effects of Tertiary erosion into analysis of basin development requires much greater post-rift burial than if Tertiary erosion is ignored. It seems most likely that the Early Tertiary deformation of the IMF occurred in response to NE Atlantic (Thulean) and Alpine events.
Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary times saw the change of the predominant stress field of North West Europe from one of extension to one of NW-SE compression (Ziegler, P. A. 1987, Tectonophysics, 137, 1–5 & 389–420). The present-day stress field of Western Europe is described by a NW-SE direction of maximum principal stress (Müller, B. et al. 1992, Journal of Geophysical Research, B97, 11 783–11 803). The present-day-, and by inference palaeo-, intraplate stress field of Western Europe can be attributed to plate-driving forces acting on the boundaries of the Eurasian plate. On average, the orientation of present-day maximum stress in western Europe is subparallel to the direction of relative plate motion between Africa and Europe (Müller, B. et al. 1992, Journal of Geophysical Research, B97, 11 783–11 803). A combination of stresses associated with Alpine collision between Europe and Africa, and those associated with opening of the North Atlantic are considered responsible for the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary NW-SE compressional stress field of North West Europe.
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