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Inversion in the Alps and Alpine Foreland |
Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
Collision mountain belts have recently been interpreted as being large scale stacked sedimentary basins, where the wholesale reactivation of pre-existing normal faults exerts the primary control on orogenic style. This model is explored here using examples from the Western Alps. The use of stratigraphic separation across faults, in the absence of corroborative sedimentological data, provides an ambiguous criterion to determinate fault reactivation. Variations between ‘compressional’ and ‘extensional’ stratigraphic separations across the Frontal Pennine thrust are more likely to be due to regional unconformity patterns developed in lower Tertiary times rather than normal fault reactivation along the eastern margin of the external zones. Mesozoic-Tertiary basin structure has been important in controlling the sites of major thrust ramps where stratigraphic horizons suitable for activation as thrust detachment zones have been offset. Examples include the thrust front in the Jura (Triassic detachment dropped to W by faults bounding the Bresse basin) and Vercors (basement uplifted to W at Faille de l’Isere, bounding the Mesozoic sub-Alpine basin to W). Buttressing structures, where thrust displacement is converted into vertical pure shear, may indicate buried normal faults but can occur at either hinterland or foreland-directed basin faults. The overall structural style in the sub-Alpine thrust belt indicates detachment between basement and cover with basement involvement along the Sole thrust which carries the external basement massifs. There is no indication from surface geology that this thrust originates from reactivation of a Mesozoic basin fault although this process may have occurred at depth. Similar styles of detachment-dominated thrusting with large horizontal relative to vertical displacements also characterize internal Alpine structure. Preliminary results from the ECORS-CROP deep seismic reflection profile across the Western Alps support the detachment thrusting model although they do not rule out minor normal fault reactivation.
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