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Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 2004; v. 236; p. 37-63;
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.236.01.04
© 2004 Geological Society of London

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Nuclear waste forms

Sergey V. Stefanovsky1, Sergey V. Yudintsev2, Reto Gieré3 & Gregory R. Lumpkin4

1 SIA Radon, 7th Rostovskii per. 2/14, Moscow 119121 Russia profstef{at}radon.ru
2 Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Staromonetny 35, Moscow 119017 Russia syud{at}igem.ru
3 Institut für Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23b, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany giere{at}uni-freiburg.de
4 ANSTO, Materials Division, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia Cambridge Centre for Ceramic Immobilisation, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK gregl{at}esc.cam.ac.uk

This review describes nuclear waste forms for high-level waste (HLW), that is, glasses, ceramics, and glass-ceramics, as well as for low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW), that is, cement, bitumen, glass, glassy slags, and ceramics. Ceramic waste forms have the highest chemical durability and radiation resistance, and are recommended for HLW and actinide (ACT) immobilization. Most radiation-resistant materials are based on phases with a fluorite-related structure (cubic zirconia-based solid solutions, pyrochlore, zirconolite, murataite). Glass is also a suitable matrix for HLW containing fission and corrosion products, and process contaminants such as Na salts. Within the framework of the HLW partitioning concept providing separation of short-lived (Cs, Sr) and long-lived (rare earth element-ACT) fractions, glass may be used for immobilization of the Cs-Sr-bearing fraction, whereas the rare earth-ACT fraction may be incorporated in ceramics. Glass-based materials or clay-based ceramics are the most promising LILW forms, but cement and bitumen may also be applied as matrices for low-level wastes (LLW).





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G. R. Lumpkin, K. L. Smith, R. Giere, and C. T. Williams
Geochemical behaviour of host phases for actinides and fission products in crystalline ceramic nuclear waste forms
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2004; 236: 89 - 111.
[Abstract] [PDF]