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Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 2000; v. 174; p. 43-53;
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.174.01.03
© 2000 Geological Society of London

Igneous Intrusions

Indentation of volcanic edifices by the ascending magma

Olivier Merle & Franck Donnadieu

Département des Sciences de la Terre, CNRS-OPGC-CRV, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France merle{at}opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr

The process by which magma ascends into and deforms a volcanic edifice is studied by analogue modelling. A control experiment is conducted with a wooden piston moving vertically into a sand cone. This reveals a well-defined fault pattern that makes it possible to draw the main compressive stress trajectory within the cone during the ascent of the piston. This makes it possible to show that the deformational process is that of indentation of the cone by the rigid piston. Experiments with an indenter that is viscous, as in nature, show that the motion of the viscous body is controlled by the first fault created in the cone. This fault serves as a structural guide, making the viscous body deviate from the vertical and resulting in deformation of the flank of the cone, which bulges out. Other major shear faults that were observed in the control experiment are then inhibited and do not form. This result emphasizes that the structural evolution of an indentation process within a brittle cone and at low rate depends on the rheology of the indenter.