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Central America |
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A.
Département de Geologie Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris 75230, France
Département de Geologie Structurale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris 75230, France
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.
School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, U.S.A.
Center for Tectonophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, U.S.A. and ICAITI, Guatemala
Department of Geology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, U.S.A.
School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019, U.S.A.
Technische Universität, München, Federal Republic of Germany
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas 77550, U.S.A.
Geological Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan
Lamont-Doherty Geology Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.
The Middle America Trench off Guatemala was transected by 24-channel seismic reflection surveys, seismic-refraction surveys, and drilling with the Glomar Challenger. The drilling was done at three sites on the oceanic Cocos plate and four sites on the Caribbean plate. These plates converge at about 10 cm yr–1. At all drill sites sediment of upper Miocene to Quaternary age is almost entirely hemipelagic mud with interbedded thin volcanic ash, except in the trench where mud and fine sand turbidites less than 400 000 yr old are ponded. However, the underlying rocks are very different. On the oceanic Cocos plate a basal chalk sequence of lower and middle Miocene age is overlain by a thin section of abyssal clay. At a site only 3 km landward of the trench axis where drilling penetrated the slope deposits we recovered a Cretaceous to lower Miocene claystone sequence resting on a section containing igneous rock of continental affinity. A large net subduction of sediment along with ocean crust has occurred during the present (Miocene-Quaternary) episode of subduction and perhaps parts of the continental framework have been subducted as well. However, no current model satisfactorily explains the surprising occurrence of Cretaceous-Miocene claystone at the foot of the trench slope.
